Tuesday, December 24, 2019

Tuesday 12 24/19 WOTS

Tuesday 12 24/19 WOTS

Tuesday 12/24/19 Wots
 
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DC NY Iraq Articles:dd

Deputy: Announcing the new Prime Minister within 48 hours

24-12-2019 12:27 PM Baghdad / news
Iraqi President Barham Saleh seeks to end the crisis of naming a candidate for the new government two days after the end of the constitutional deadline, without reaching a candidate that is consistent with the wishes of the demonstrators in the demonstration squares.
Representative Asaad al-Murshidi, a member of the National Wisdom Movement in the Iraqi parliament, told the Iraqi newspaper "Al-Sabah" in its issue issued today, Tuesday: "Not to name a prime minister during the constitutional deadline is a violation of the constitution, and there is political mobilization by the political blocs to resolve the situation and nominate a prime minister with the president during The next two days. "
He added that "all the governments that took power in Iraq violated the constitution and became a political custom to violate the constitutional terms, so we hope the president of the republic to name a person for the position of prime minister."
He stated that "the pressures on the president of the republic are very high, despite the fact that his position is clear towards the nomination of an independent candidate who meets the demands of the street and the demonstrators, unlike the political blocs that pressure him in exchange for the nomination of a political figure."
He said that "all the negotiations that took place between the stream of wisdom and the components and other political blocs, in which we stipulated that the candidate be independent and not affiliated with any political bloc, and that the end of the constitutional terms is not a constitutional void, but a violation of the constitution."
This comes as demonstrations last night witnessed security disturbances after the Iraqi parliament failed to hold a night session, to complete the vote on the provisions of the election law, due to the absence of the majority of members of Parliament.
Protesters in the demonstration squares in Baghdad and a number of governorates stated that the demonstration squares in Baghdad, Basra, Nasiriyah, Wasit, Karbala, Najaf, Diwaniyah, Samawah, Babil, and Maysan witnessed last night separate mass gatherings and marches that marched through the streets to protest the parliament’s failure to hold a session to complete voting on the provisions of the election law, as the protesters renewed Their refusal to name a government and political candidate to form the next government and demand that it be independent from the effects of political parties and blocs.
According to demonstrators in the Tahrir Square in Baghdad, dozens of protesters continued for the second day their hunger strike until the election law was passed and the formation of the new government, while the scene witnessed night rallies to demand a solution to the election law and government crisis, chanting slogans criticizing the delay in procedures and rejecting any candidate for the position unless it was independent by saying Indeed, the parties and the closure of a number of streets east of Baghdad.
In Basra governorate, demonstrators burned tires in the streets hours after circulation of the nomination of Basra Governor Asaad Al-Eidani to form the government by the largest building bloc in the Iraqi Parliament, while demonstrations marched through the province denouncing the decision to nominate Al-Eidani amid the closure of a number of roads by demonstrators, especially the roads leading to To the oil fields operated by international oil companies, the most prominent of which is the West Qurna First field, which is managed by the American Exxon Mobil, and the West Qurna II field, which is managed by the Russian Lukoil, Majnoon and Rumaila, and other oil installations.
The Maysan governorate in southeastern Iraq, which includes the second largest oil company in Iraq, also witnessed night demonstrations demanding to listen to the demands of the demonstrators and the holding of early elections to save the country from the dangers of violence and escalation, while demonstrators in Wasit Governorate cut off the road linking the province with the neighboring governorates, cutting bridges, and stopping movement Cars, while protesters targeted the headquarters of Shiite parties in the governorate of Dhi Qar, the most prominent of which is the National Wisdom Movement led by Ammar al-Hakim and cut bridges.
The Najaf governorate witnessed similar incidents when protesters attacked the headquarters of the Badr Organization led by Hadi Al-Amiri in the Kufa district with incendiary bombs, while dozens of demonstrators continued to block the road leading to the Samawah Refinery in the Muthanna Governorate in the southern Badia of Iraq for the second day in a row and prevented the entry and exit of oil trucks to demand Providing opportunities for engineering specialties to work in the refinery.
It is expected that the Iraqi parliament will hold a session today to continue voting on the provisions of the election law, during which last week 14 items out of 50 legal items were voted on, while the resigned Iraqi government will hold its weekly meeting to discuss its agenda.
 
 
 

Kurdistan Parliament extends its legislative term to ratify a law

2019/12/24 04:14:50 
 
 
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Shafaq News / The Kurdistan Regional Parliament voted by a majority of its members in a session today, Tuesday, to extend its current legislative term for a full month.
A parliamentary source told Shafak News that 77 members of the region's parliament voted to approve the 30-day extension of the legislative term.
The source added that Parliament is seeking, by extending its current legislative term, to ratify the reform law sent by the Kurdistan Regional Government.
A parliamentary source had stated last week that the Kurdistan Region Parliament granted the reform bill an urgent characteristic to legislate it before the legislative separation holiday comes.
And the Kurdistan Regional Council of Ministers sent the reform bill to the Kurdistan Parliament, including the views of the Kurdish blocs on the legal draft.
 
 
Al Halbousi to the President of the Republic: The Construction Alliance is the largest bloc
 
 
Tuesday 24 December 2019 | 12:23 pm
 
Baghdad / ... An informed source revealed, today, Tuesday, that the Presidency of the Parliament handed the President of the Republic a book on the largest bloc.
 
The source said, "The Presidency of the Parliament shortly delivered President of the Republic Barham Salih a book on the largest bloc in the parliament."
 
The source added, "The book included that the building alliance is the largest bloc."
 
On December 22, President Barham Saleh submitted a request to the parliament to determine the largest bloc and its candidate for prime minister. Finished 2
 
 
 
Iraq discusses Joining European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
 
Iraq, December 24, 2019
 
The Ambassador of Iraq in London, Mr. Mohammad Jaafar Al-Sadr, has met Mr. Enzo Quattrociocche, the Secretary-General of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD).
 
During the meeting, they discussed the possibility of Iraq joining the bank. The Ambassador stressed the importance of moving forward with the implementation of Iraq’s economic development plans by supporting private sector, promoting investment projects and building capacities in the field of developing the banking system.
 
Mr. Quattrociocche stated that EBRD is ready to cooperate and support Iraq in its bid to become a member of the bank, indicating the advantages of this membership to Iraq, including the opportunity to benefit from global banking experiences to develop Iraq’ banking sector and obtain technical support, assistance that prepares the good environment to invest.
 
iraq-businessnewsd
 
 
Is Change liikely in Iraq
 
 
24/12/2019
 
The system is responding
The political system in Iraq is dominated by warlords and political power brokers who form shifting and unstable alliances that enable them to seize the resources of the Iraqi state and transfer them to their dependents with the aim of preserving their influence. These elites use the courts, the media, and other types of state power to strengthen their hold on power.
Iraqi Authority brokers, including many with strong ties to Iran, have many repressive options. As the protests continued, the repression increased. Snipers killed the protesters. Iraqi security forces attacked and killed unarmed demonstrators in Baghdad, and a drone attacked the home of Muqtada al-Sadr, the Shiite cleric who adopted the demonstrations.
With Iranian support, regime leaders are trying to engage opposition figures to win their loyalties, and this will mainly involve corruption or offers for responsible positions.
Tehran is likely to play an important role in supporting the structure of the Iraqi authority, as the militias loyal to it play a major role in the crackdown. Also, the money from Tehran would also be useful in buying the satisfaction of many leaders. Finally, Tehran will seek to remove specific leaders or make changes in order to maintain the entire system. In general, Tehran is aware of the need for tactics and cosmetic changes in order to maintain its sovereignty in Iraq.
Weak opposition
Brookings' analysis says the opposition has strong levels of popular support, but it is weak, divided, divided, and leadershipless. Protests are protests against everything. This facilitated popular intervention, but also made it easier to appease separate elements with some limited concessions. Sectarian divisions, as well as regional differences, will worsen the opposition’s vulnerability. Thus, the opponents will find it difficult to form a united front, and the movement will be very weak in front of the efforts that seek to eliminate it.
Possible scenarios for the next stage in Iraq
If the current leaders can weaken the demonstrations, Iran will continue to exert influence over it
Violence continues to further, refuse to interfere with Iran, and stalk opposition
Anarchy will bring in more interference from neighboring countries as well as Iran
Kurdish support will increase as more demands for independence. 
 
 
Kauaihn Iraq Articles:dd"
 
 
In the document" ... an urgent request from Congress to the American State Department to intervene in Iraq and support the demonstrators
 
 
2019-12-24
Baghdad: Yassin Iraq
Members of the US Congress have urged US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to intervene and support the protesters' demands in Iraq, particularly the choice of an Iraqi prime minister free from corruption.
 
Four of the Republican members of the US Congress addressed US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, according to a document obtained by Yassin Iraq.
 
Members of Congress said, “Dear Minister Pompeo, the protesters in Iraq stand at a crossroads and are looking for support from America, according to figures in the New York Times, more than 500 Iraqis have been killed by Iranian-backed elements while fighting for their democratic and human rights Thousands more were wounded and imprisoned.
 
The members added, "This is not the kind of behavior we expect from a democratic partner in the Middle East. We commend the administration for its recent imposition of sanctions on corrupt individuals and those who support the suppression of demonstrators and violence against them," noting that "these measures will have a clear impact and the Iraqi people feel comfortable." Concerning moves to hold human rights violators accountable for their crimes.
 
The members continued, "We hope that these sanctions will be fully implemented, and that we will ensure that other partner countries take similar measures. Therefore, we ask that you continue to work urgently to support the legitimate democratic aspirations of the Iraqi people."
 
They pointed out that "the Iraqi president is currently making a decision about who will be chosen as the next prime minister, and it is important that the United States be ready to work with a candidate who takes the demands of the Iraqi people seriously."
 
The signatories of the document stressed, "We believe that we can work better with Iraqi leaders who represent the best interests of the Iraqi people who will not spill the blood of Iraqi demonstrators, they will not be corrupt, and they will be a voice for an independent, sovereign Iraq and free of foreign influence."
 
The members pointed out that “the Iraqi people must have confidence in this choice and their needs must be at the forefront of the decision-making process for Iraqi leaders. The wrong decision could be disastrous for Iraq. ”
 
The members continued, "We are confident that the option that the people of Iraq accept will help achieve stability in the country and serve the national interests of both Iraq and America. We look forward to your active participation in Iraq at this critical juncture in the country's history," stressing: "We are ready to assist you." And the Iraqi people, in seeking a better future and an ongoing partnership with the American people with sincere appreciation.
 
 
 
The Elections Law and the Prime Minister .. Iraq is between two crises
 
 
Last update: Tuesday 27 Rabi Al Thani 1441 AH - 24 December 2019 KSA 12:43 - GMT 09:43
Al-Arabiya and Al-Hadath correspondent in Baghdad reported that the Iraqi parliament session that was scheduled, today, Tuesday, to complete the vote on the election law, was postponed for hours due to a lack of quorum.
 
Parliament had failed to hold the session yesterday for the same reason, which was attributed by Arab sources to the continuing differences between the political blocs on some of the provisions of the draft law.
From a street in Baghdad From a street in Baghdad
 
The dispute focuses on Articles 15 and 16 of the draft law, which will determine the nature of the electoral system, whether it will depend on multiple electoral districts or one district in each governorate, as well as whether it will be by individual candidacy, by the list system, or by a mixed system between them.
 
This comes as the Iraqi demonstrators, again, on Tuesday, blocked roads and continued to close most official circles in southern Iraq, in protest against the nomination of a prime minister who was previously part of the authority.
 
Once the name of the governor of Basra, Asaad al-Aidani, was circulated, protesters rose up in the southern oil province.
Subject you care about
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The son of Iran's former Shah, Reza Pahlavi, made an appeal to the world to help the Iranian people after the horrific reports that 1500 people were killed ...
Reza Pahlavi calls for the submission of Khamenei to the International Criminal Reza Pahlavi calls for the submission of Khamenei to the International Criminal Iran
 
According to "France Press", the protesters blocked the main roads leading to the ports of Umm Qasr and Khor Al-Zubayr for several hours, but this did not affect the progress of work in them.
 
Roads were also cut in Nasiriyah, Diwaniyah, Hilla, Kut and Najaf in the south, while strikes prevented employees from accessing their work and closed school doors.
 
The demonstrators continue their movements despite the kidnappings and assassinations, amid fears of the return of violence to the street, which killed about 460 people and injured 25 thousand others.  
 

Urgent: Sources: Al-Bena will present his candidate for prime minister tomorrow
 
 
24-12-2019 12:01 AM
 
Baghdad / newsletter:
A source familiar with the construction alliance revealed, on Monday, the details of his last meeting to agree on the personality of the next prime minister, indicating that the alliance retracted Qusay al-Suhail's nomination in response to the demands of the demonstrators.
The source told "Al-Ikhbaria" that "the issue will be resolved in favor of an independent candidate after Qusay al-Suhail is excluded from the race to run for prime minister in response to the demands of the demonstrators."
He added, "We did not pressure the President of the Republic, Barham Salih, on the issue of Suhail's candidacy," noting that "tomorrow will be a decisive issue regarding the choice of the candidate and the presentation of his name."

 

Constitutional Vacuum after failure to choose PM

 
24th December 2019 in Politics Iraq: Constitutional vacuum after failure to choose prime minister
Iraq has entered a constitutional vacuum after the deadline set for political parties to agree on the next prime minister passed without success.
The agency said hundreds of anti-establishment protesters have blocked major roads in the capital, Baghdad, and in central and southern provinces to protest the’ failure to agree on the prime minister.
An eyewitness said the protesters in Wasit blocked the highway linking Baghdad using burnt tires, in order to condemn the political blocs’ failure to choose a prime minister.
The protesters fear that a constitutional vacuum could lead to a deteriorating security situation and an increase in assassinations against activists and protesters.
The Construction Alliance; the largest bloc to win the last parliamentary election nominated Minister of Higher Education in the caretaker government, Qusay Al-Suhail, to head the new government. However, the Iraqi demonstrators rejected Al-Suhail’s candidacy demanding that the next prime minister be independent.
(Source: Middle East Monitor)

 

Judges affiliated with the Electoral Commission are partisan and chosen according to political and Iraqi loyalty

24/12/2019
The Supreme Judicial Council announced the selection of the members of the Electoral Commission. Despite all the legal narratives reported by the aforementioned council in its statement on integrity and transparency and lift the judges from participating in the work of the commission, but the result came as expected by many Iraqis, to be a joint commission, even if the members are from the judges or from the members of the Supreme Judicial Council itself !!
The council did not talk about how these judges were nominated to the UNHCR lottery, or who nominated them at all, nor did it announce the number of judges who nominated themselves and did not win, nor the mechanisms that the council followed in achieving transparent results, as it claims, in this lot !!

The judges who were chosen in the lottery had previously practiced political work and nominated themselves within certain electoral lists and could not win, but the blocs that nominated them previously, brought them to the Electoral Commission, to outline the ugly face of quotas, with the cover of law, the judiciary, allegations of integrity and transparency ... etc. !!
The Supreme Judicial Council is an essential part of the pillars of the sectarian quota system, and a device to cover up corruption and corrupt and interpret laws and the constitution according to the will of political forces, this council did not say a single word about the disgraceful constitutional breach that brought Adel Abdul Mahdi to the presidency of the Council of Ministers !!
The forces of the uprising should pay attention to the fraud and playing according to the law and the constitution in order to protect the quota system and corruption of power. These institutions and their games that affect the lives and fate of all Iraqis must be exposed !!
It is very clear that the United Nations representative who participated in supervising the lottery witnessed a falsehood and acquiescence to the demands and powers of the authority and covering up its crimes.
- Judge Abbas Farhan Hassan Al-Fatlawi was a candidate for the State of Law coalition led by Nuri al-Maliki in the 2014 Parliament elections in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate and he did not win and he is a coalition candidate for the Commission.
- Judge Jalil Adnan Khalaf, a candidate of the Sadrist movement for the leadership of Muqtada al-Sadr, in Nasiriyah
- Judge Amer Musa Muhammad, the candidate of the Badr Organization for the Commission led by Hadi al-Amiri
- Judge Fayyad Hussein Yassin, a candidate for the head of the Salvation and Development Front of the Commission led by Osama Najafi
Judge Ali Rashid, candidate for the Iraqi Forces Alliance for the commission led by Parliament Speaker Muhammad al-Halbousi - in Anbar
The two Kurdish judges are candidates for the Kurdistan Democratic Party led by Mr. Masoud Barzani and the National Union led by the late Mr. Jalal Talabani, and no one has succeeded him yet!

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CBI, ISX,Dinar Guru:
 
CBI Update:
 
 
The CBI for Tuesday 12/24/19 did update on the indicative rates Sell Rate 1190
The currency auction is 255,101,236
There are no news and announcements.
ISX Update:
Click on the link above for the latest update.
 
Shares Traded:
 
Value Traded:
 
ISX ended in Green
 
Dinar Guru:dd
 
 
12-23-2019   Newshound Guru MilitiaMan   3) The CBI shows large out put of money allocations over this last year of about 6-7 million a month for currency printing.  As of 3-60 days ago the CBI shows a very large increase in allocations as much as 3-4x as much per month over a two month period. The take away there is minting coins is more expensive than paper printing. This too supports a rate change is to come. imo A strong one too. imo.  4) There was a recent Debt payment of $20 billion that was paid. Thus, a clue as to how high a rate change could be supported. Less debt = more value, imo.. A supporting piece of the puzzle as well.   [post 2 of 5....stay tuned]

12-23-2019   Newshound Guru MilitiaMan   There is nothing I see that warrants or supports the rumor of an RI going into March of 2020...  1) The CBI told the world they will need to be prepared to modify contracts. That supports a rate change is coming. imo  2) The Iraq Trade Bank on 12/01/2019 told us they were doing just that. They suspended loans for the month out to 01/01/20209. Another supporting factor a rate change is expected.  [post 1 of 5....stay tuned]
 
 
12-23-2019   Newshound Guru Kaperoni   I do agree Iraq can buy the majority of dinar in circulation if it chooses to do so but only at or about the current exchange rate.  They could never do so at a $1 to 1 rate. 40+ trillion is just to much.  That is why the dinar must float.

12-23-2019   Newshound Guru Adam Montana
   ...unless the next person gives them something good, and fast, they will be rioting again.   ...things should be happening fairly quickly...instead of the usual weeks or months of delays, we are seeing a different Iraq...The people aren't going to wait long. They want change, and they want it fast...it's looking pretty obvious that someone is going to have to bring it. Or else...  Today or tomorrow we should have an announcement on who is going to take the responsibility for that change...it may be a surprisingly great Christmas after all!  [post 2 of 2]

12-23-2019   Newshound Guru Adam Montana   ...Back in early October 2019, the people of Iraq finally had enough...following those protests, or during them, the most recent Prime Minister (Mahdi) resigned. ...By law, there was a period of time to appoint the next leader. ...it is well known by all involved in the process of appointing the next Prime Minister that it must be a candidate who will be accepted by all political parties, and also the people.  In fact, "most importantly, the people."  This puts a very bright light not only on who they appoint, but also what happens in the very near future.  [post 1 of 2....stay tuned]

12-23-2019   Intel Guru MarkZ   [via PDK]   Many contacts...are hearing...there is a mad push to get this done...Even if only a few people get to exchange before Christmas they will be able to claim it happened before. That is the rumor all over right now in many locations. ...we are watching close. I am feeling pretty relaxed because I am absolutely certain we are at the end of all of this. I am absolutely confident that we are days or at the worst weeks away from it all being done
 
12-22-2019 Newshound/Intel Guru Mnt Goat ...this plan is not really as risky as [Guru] Kaperoni tells. Actually, the plan is based off of having the reinstatement and the new rate and will not risk the entire CBI reserves... also...take into account the pressures from the protesters or from the US and IMF. The IMF has also recently threatened them with Chapter VII again. This can not be taken lightly. This all matters very much.
 
 
Elmer:
 
Not in today
 
Artmeister:
 
Not in today
 
Catnip:
 

*************
ARTICLE 1 (from PM Mahdi's website)

At the time this report was submitted, message posted on PM Mahdi's website is: "This site can't be reached."

*************
ARTICLE 2 (from Government of Iraq twitter account)

At the time this report was submitted, there are no new tweets posted on the Government of Iraq twitter account.

*************
ARTICLE 3

Al-Nasr coalition denies Al-Abadi's candidacy to head the next government

12/23/2019 22:19
[Baghdad-where]

Today, Monday, the victory coalition announced the fact that its President Haider al-Abadi was nominated to head the next government.

A member of the Ayat Al-Mudhafar coalition denied in a statement, [where] she received a copy of it, news that Abadi was nominated for prime minister, describing it as "bare about health."
Muzaffar emphasized that, since the protests began, Abadi has called for the selection of an independent figure to head the government, and that fabricating such news is aimed at undermining Abadi's credibility and principled positions.

She noted that Al-Abadi is a statesman concerned with reforming the system and the safety of the people, away from cheap political competition.
*************
ARTICLE 4

The toughest confrontation between Khamenei and Sistani drops the candidate for the Iraqi government
December 24, 2019

The toughest confrontation between Khamenei and Sistani drops the candidate for the Iraqi government
The president still threatens to resign amid escalating protests.

The Iraqi demonstrators were busy throughout Sunday and Monday with a symbolic celebration of the toppling of the candidate for the presidency of the new government presented by the bloc close to Tehran in the Iraqi parliament, and he is the seventh candidate for the position rejected by the continuous protest movement for the third month in a row, but the matter on Sunday was accompanied by critical situations that forced President Barham Saleh to Waving to resign, in the face of pressure from the Iranian Revolutionary Guards, who are not accustomed to rejecting his demands with this intransigence.


These events recorded the first case of the failure of the large pro-Tehran bloc to impose its candidate after the president refused to assign him as required by the constitution, despite the expiry of the legal deadline and Saleh's involvement in its breach, and recorded one of the most dangerous confrontations between Tehran's allies in Iraq and Ayatollah Sistani's authority in Najaf.

Najaf supports an independent prime minister who is organizing fair elections under international supervision, but Tehran rejects this because it will practically change the balance of power in favor of the broad popular protest movement that reached the height of its rejection of Iranian influence and has provided about 23,000 dead and wounded since last October.

Tehran's allies succeeded in forming the largest bloc in the Iraqi parliament consisting of militias, benefiting from the addition of weak Sunni parties as well, but the Iraqi President told them that the candidate Qusay al-Suhail, who is the Minister of Education in the resigned government, is not among the criteria approved by the protest movement and supported by the religious authority of Najaf, as Calculate the group of Nuri al-Maliki rejected by the public, while there is a popular insistence on an independent transitional prime minister who takes control of the militias and conducts a year of elections under international supervision, likely to reduce the size of the pro-Tehran blocs to the maximum extent.

President Saleh, a prominent Kurdish liberal, had strong support from the public and moderate national parties such as former Prime Minister Iyad Allawi and the Communist alliance with Muqtada al-Sadr’s movement and also from the Najaf religious authority, according to sources that confirmed that the president threatened to resign and wrote the resignation statement indeed a week ago, because Tehran’s pressure It was of an unbelievable level, as described.

The sources close to Saleh added that intensive contacts took place between the anti-Iranian forces backed by significant religious support from Najaf, which helped the president reject the urgent Iranian request.

Najaf was fully sided with the protest movement and provided it with clear moral protection, although Tehran accuses the uprising of being backed by Washington and Israel with the aim of sabotaging Iraqi-Iranian relations.

After his refusal to assign the Tehran candidate and the end of the legal deadline at midnight on Sunday, Saleh won great popular support in social media, as he put an end to popular fears that he would give in to pressure from Tehran, and observers described this as an exceptional situation, as the Iraqis usually do not care about the role of the formal president In their system, as they do not sympathize with Kurdish politicians, the two wings of the conflict are crystallizing more precisely according to the observers, who divide the country's politicians today into a party that supports the demands of the protest, and another subject to Tehran's influence.

Saleh's position gave new impetus to the protest movement, which cut hundreds of main streets in Baghdad, Basra and other cities, in anticipation of the nomination by Tehran of another pro-government figure.

The country is expected to remain another period immersed in contradictory interpretations of the provisions of the constitution, which did not specify an accurate way to deal with similar divisions, but it has become clear that the path has been blocked for the militias and their allies to name the next government, although this involves the possibility of escalating violence with protesters.

*************
ARTICLE 5

Parliament session adjourned until Tuesday

12/23/2019 20:39
[Baghdad-where]

The Presidency of the Council of Representatives postponed today's session to tomorrow, Tuesday, due to the lack of a quorum.

A session of parliament was scheduled to be held at five in the evening to complete the vote on the draft electoral law, but it seems that the continuing dispute between the political blocs, their lack of agreement on articles 15 and 16 of the draft law, prevented the session from taking place.

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